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Christmas Traditions Around the World

Belgium
On the sixth of December Sinterklaas or Saint-Nicholas is celebrated, which is an entirely different holiday from Christmas. Santa Claus in Belgium is called de Kerstman or le Père Noël and he does come around on Christmas day to bring children presents. There are different cultures in Belgium, the Northern part being Vlaanderen (speaking a Dutch dialect), the Southern part being Wallonie (speaking a French dialect) and the Eastern part speaking German.
Small family presents are given at Christmas too, under the tree, or in stockings near the fire-place, to be found in the morning. Christmas breakfast is a special sweet bread called 'cougnou' or 'cougnolle' - the shape is supposed to be like baby Jesus. Some families will have another big meal on Christmas day.

Brazil
Father Christmas is called Papai Noel. Many Christmas customs are similar to USA or UK. For those who have enough money, a special Christmas meal will be chicken, turkey, ham, rice, salad, pork, fresh and dried fruits, often with beer. Poorer people will have chicken, rice and beans and will also drink beer and coke. For dessert people enjoy some Brazilian sweets Brigadeiro made of condensed milk and chocolate. Both rich and poor have Christmas trees. A poor person's Christmas tree is made of plastic or is just a dry tree branch. As we don't have snow in Brazil, poor people put cotton over their Christmas tree branch to simulate snow. Christmas time varies a lot from south to north region.

Finland
Finnish people believe that Father Christmas (Santa Claus) lives in the north part of Finland called Korvatunturi, north of the Arctic Circle. People from all over the world send letters to Santa Claus in Finland. (It is only fair to say that the people of Greenland say that really, Father Christmas lives in Greenland!) There is a even big tourist theme park called 'Christmas Land' in the north of Finland, near to where they say that Father Christmas lives.
Everyone cleans their houses ready for the three holy days of Christmas - Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, and Boxing Day. Christmas Eve is very special, when people eat rice porridge and a sweet soup made from dried fruits (plums, raisins, apples, pears, apricots and figs). It´s eaten in the morning or at lunchtime. They will then decorate a spruce tree in the home. At mid-day, the 'Christmas peace declaration' is broadcast on radio and TV from the Finnish city of Turku by its Mayor. In the evening, a traditional Christmas dinner is eaten. The meal will include 'casseroles' containing liver, rutabaga, carrot and potato, with cooked ham or turkey. Some families eat liver pate. Rawpickled slightly salted salmon, herrings and salad called "rosolli". Mushroom salad is also common. Rosolli is cold salad made from peeled, cooked and diced potatoes, carrots, beetroot and diced apples, onions and pickled cucumber. Season with salt (some people use also pepper). Whipped cream (+ salt, vinegar and beetroot colour to make it pink) is served with rosolli. Food traditions during the Christmas period depend on which part of Finland people live. In Lapland and in Finland's islands there are different foods. Other foods include cooked peas, different kind on salads, roe, cold fish-dishes, pates, other casseroles such as beetroot casserole with cheese or with blue cheese, sweet and spiced breads, carelian pies, and cheeses. Gingerbreads, spiced cakes, different kind of cakes and cookies and others to eat with coffee or milk. You eat these at "day-coffee" time on the Christmas eve (after the Christmas peace declaration which everybody watches on TV, or before going to the church and graveyard), in the evening. Christmas smells include mulled wine, gingerbreads, spices - cinnamon being the most common - Christmas tree, burning candles and hyacinthe. Poinsettia and hyacinthe are the most popular Christmas flowers. On Christmas eve many go to church, on the afternoon or late afternoon (time depends of local churches) - this is new tradition. The "real" and old Christmas church is early on the morning of Christmas day. Many go there too. Graveyards are very beautiful places on the Christmas eve, since there are lot of soft white snow and the only lights come from candles people bring to the graves of loved ones. If relatives are buried in other graveyards, there are places in graveyard you can lit your candle to remember them. Sauna of course is part of celebration. People go there before church and graves, or after them. After sauna is the festive dinner. The high moment! After that comes Santa Claus (if there are children) or the presents that are under the Christmas tree are opened. In some families where there are no small kids, the presents are not put under the tree, but collected to big sacks, which are carried near the front door. Then a family member might say, Did I heard sound of reindeers and bells... Or Did I hear Santa Claus... When they go to check, there are big sacks full of presents there. So it was Santa after all. Then people drink coffee and eat cakes, cookies and other sweet things. Enjoy present and play games. Small kids go to bed but others stay up late. Many families will visit cemeteries and grave-yards to place a candle onto the burial graves of family members. Cemeteries are very beautiful at Christmas-time.

Children receive their presents on Christmas Eve, usually with a family member dressing as Father Christmas. As children grow older, they come to realise that 'Father Christmas' is really a bigger brother, sister or family member.






France
In France, Christmas is always called 'Noël. Everyone has a Christmas tree, sometimes decorated in the old way with red ribbons and real white wax candles. Fir trees in the garden are often decorated too, with lights on all night.

Father Christmas is called Père Noël. The Christmas meal is an important family gathering with good meat and the best wine. Not everyone sends Christmas cards.

Germany
Germans love to decorate their houses at Christmas. Many houses will have little wooden frames holding electric candles in their windows, and coloured pictures of paper or plastic which look beautiful from the outside at night. Often too, they will have an 'Adventskranz' - a wreath of leaves with four candles. (Advent - meaning 'coming' - is the 4 week period before Christmas). On each Sunday of Advent, another candle is lit. Most homes will also have little wooden 'cribs' - a small model of the stable where Jesus was born, with Mary, Joseph, Baby Jesus, and animals.

Father Christmas - 'Der Weihnachtsmann' - brings presents in the late afternoon of Christmas Eve (December 24th), after people have been to a church meeting. The presents are then found under the Christmas tree. One person in the family will ring a bell and call everyone to come to the room. On Christmas Day, fish (carp) or goose will be cooked.

Hungary
Susanna Denes, a Hungarian friend contributed the following:
Santa Clause (Winter-grandfather) (Tel-apo or Mikulas) comes on the 6th of December. Children should clean and put their shoes outside next to the door or window before they go to sleep. Next day candies and/or small toys appear in them in red bags. For children, who don't behave well, a golden birch placed next to the sweets, a symbol for spanking... (but don't worry, it is just for fun, and not for actual punishment.)
On 24th of December, children go to their relative or to the movies, because little Jesus brings the tree and the presents that evening to their house. It is customary to hang edible things on the tree, like golden wrapped assorted chocolates and meringues beside the glass balls, candles (real or electrical), and sparklers.
Families usually cook festive dinner for that night. An example would be fresh fish usually with rice or potatoes and home made pastries as dessert. After dinner, the tree would be viewed by the children for the first time. It was very exciting. Christmas songs are sung and then the gifts under the tree are shared.
Older children attend the midnight mass with their parents. (During communism, children had to hide at the back of the church. Teachers could have lost their jobs for attending the mass. Later (in mid 1970's) most of the Communist Party leaders of the town attended it too.) Next day the children attack the edible part of the tree. Festive food is enjoyed on the second and third day too.



Latvia
Latvians believe that Father Christmas brings presents on each of the 12 days of Christmas starting on Christmas Eve. Usually the presents are put under the family Christmas tree. (What a good idea to spread Christmas out longer!) It was in Latvia that the first Christmas tree was decorated. For more information see First Christmas Tree
The special Latvian Christmas Day meal is cooked brown peas with bacon (pork) sauce, small pies, cabbage and sausage.


New Zealand
Lou from DownUnder writes: Christmas starts for us with gifts under the tree, to be opened Christmas morning. Then its onto a Christmas lunch either at home or at one's parents place. Turkey or chicken with all the trimmings is eaten, then come tea time, it is a Bar-B-Q for friends and family to get together,and have a few beers or wines with the meal!!
Portugal
People adhere to the tradition that Father Christmas brings presents to children on Christmas Eve. The presents are left under the Christmas tree or in shoes by the fireplace. A special Christmas meal of salted dry cod-fish with boiled potatoes is eaten at midnight on Christmas Eve.

Romania
On the 6th December St Nicholas comes and puts small gifts in children shoes that have been polished and placed near the windows and if children have been naughty they get a little stick. Usually people in the country side grow their own pigs which are sacrificed for Christmas on the 20th of December, and the meat is cooked in different ways for the Christmas meal, like home made smoked/unsmoked sausages. Each part of the pig is used in different ways to make different dishes. Mince is made and together with rice, onions and spices is used for the stuffed cabbage or vine leaves, which are called 'sarmale'. So pig is traditional for Christmas meal. On Christmas Eve usually children go around houses and sing carols and get fruit, sweets or money in exchange. On Christmas Day everyone has a big family meal and visit relatives. In the country side people dress as bears and goats and go and sing special traditional songs at each house in the village.
People from Transylvania serve stuffed cabbage on Christmas Eve, and next day for lunch. Most likely the reason for that custom is that stuffed cabbage is the best on the second and third day after it was cooked. Moms can prepare the food a day earlier, leaving more time for decorating and organizing. Very practical.
On 25th December, the whole family used to attend church and ate stuffed cabbage for lunch.

Russia
In the days of the Soviet Union, Christmas was not celebrated very much. New Year was the important time - when 'Father Frost' brought presents to children. With the fall of Communism, Christmas can be openly celebrated - either on December 25th; or more often on January 7th. This unusual date is because the Russian Orthodox church uses the old 'Julian' calendar for religious celebration days. Special Christmas food includes cakes, pies and 'meat dumplings'.

Sweden
The most important day is Christmas Eve. A special Christmas meal is eaten on Christmas Eve - ham (pork), herring fish, and brown beans - and this is the time when families give presents to each other. Many people attend a church meeting early on Christmas Day.
United States
The USA is so multi-cultural that you will find many different ways of celebrating Christmas. A friend writes about Christmas meals, "Our family (Eastern European origin) favor turkey with trimmings. My grandparents and their relatives preferred keilbasi (Polish sausage), cabbage dishes, and soups. My husband's Italian family insisted on lasagna!"
Another friend wrote:
All year long children are told to behave, or they will get coal in their stocking. On Christmas Eve, they hang highly stylized stockings on the mantle of the fireplace, then go to bed early so that they will find presents in the morning. They are told that at midnight Santa will come, bringing a huge bag of toys. He will come down through the chimney, leave candy in the stockings and presents under the Christmas tree (anything from a Pine or Fir to a Spruce), then plug one nostril and shoot up through the chimney. Cookies are traditionally left for him, and a carrot is commonly left for Rudolph the Red-nosed reindeer, very much a part of Christmas tradition (Santa will land on the roof with his sleigh and nine reindeer). On Christmas morning, things such as cinnamon rolls or coffee cake are served for breakfast, and for dinner there is typically ham (and occasionally regal plum pudding). That is it for celebration — Boxing Day is never celebrated, Epiphany is only celebated by Catholics, and Advent not commonly celebrated.
Another American reader wrote in with the following:
Advent is celebrated in almost all Roman Catholic and mainline Protestant churches. I was RC until I was 15, as were my grandparents, and we alwasy followed the four weeks of preparation before Christmas in our church services. I found the same to be true in my father's Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, my friend's United Methodist Church, my in-law's Presbyterian USA congregations, and for myself as a member and pastor of the United Church of Christ for the last 16 years. We also recognize Epiphany in mainline Protestant churches. On the first Sunday following January 6, our service tells again the story of the Magi who came to Jesus presenting their gifts following his birth. As a child, I fondly remember leaving carrots and sugar for all of the reindeer, along the milk and cookies for Santa!

CHRISTMAS IN MEXICO

Several weeks before Christmas, elaborately decorated market stalls or puestos are set up in the plazas of every town and city. Some people travel for days from remote areas to get to these markets. The puestos offer crafts of every conceivable kind, foods such as cheese, bananas, nuts, and cookies, and flowers such as orchids and poinsettias.

The poinsettia is native to Mexico and is believed to have first been used in connection with Christmas in the 17th century when Mexican Franciscans included the flowers in their Christmas celebration. There is a legend connected with the flower. A little boy named Pablo was walking to the church in his village to visit the Nativity scene, when he realized he had nothing to offer the Christ Child. He saw some green branches growing along the roadside and gathered them up. Other children scoffed, but when he laid them by the manger, a brilliant red star-shaped flower appeared on each branch.

The main Christmas celebration in Mexico is called las posadas, which refers to processions reenacting Joseph and Mary's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem. The processions begin nine days before Christmas because the original journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem took nine days. Friends and family members divide themselves into two groups - pilgrims and innkeepers. The pilgrims travel from house to house asking for a shelter and are refused at each until they finally reach the house where an alter and Nativity scene have been set up. Here the pilgrims are admitted with great rejoicing, a traditional prayer is spoken, and the party begins. Food and drink are served and then children take turns trying to break open the pinata.

ECOTOURISM

(Also known as ecological tourism) is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas taht strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It purports to educate the traveller; provide funds for ecological conservation; directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Ecotourism is held as important by those who participate in it so that future generations may experience aspects of the environment relatively untouched by human intervention.

Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultuarl heritage are of ecotourism is to offer tourists insight into the impact of human beings on the environment, and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats.

Responsible ecotourism includes programs taht minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people.

Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic opportunities for local communities.

FASHION

Introduction

Fashions and clothing are constantly changing and may differ from country to country, depending on various factors including age, geography, and climate.

1. Blouse

2. Change out of

3. Clothes

4. Dress

5. In fashion

6. Jeans

7. Second- hand clothes

8. Shirt

9. Shoes

10. Put on

11. Shorts

12. Suit

13. Sungalsses

14. Sweater

15. Take off

16. Tie

17. Try on

18. T- shirt

19. Wear

20. Boots

VOCABULARY

Clothes

breast pocket= bolsillo en el pecho
side-pockets= bolsillos a los lados
inside-pokets= bolsillos internos
zip= cierre, cremallera

V-neck= cuello en V
round neck= cuello redondo
low neckline= escotado

striped= a rayas
checked= a cuadros
pleated= tableado

jewellery= joyas
bracelet= pulsera
brooch= prendedor
necklace= collar
string of pearls
ring
charms= dijes

tailor= sastre
dressmaker= modista
tailored suit= traje a medida

to come into fashion
to be in fashion
to be fashionable
to go out of fashionable
to be out of fashion

to try something on
to fit ( it´s the right size)
to suit (looks well)

TRANSPORT

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

Ferry

Airliner

Bicycle

Bike

Boat

Bus

Canoe

Car

Criser

Airport & Planes

Air hostess

Airline

Airport

Aisle

Arrivals

Baggage

Baggage claim

Carry-on luggage

Cart

USEFUL VOCABULARY

1. (Aero) planes(s)

2. (Bi) cycle(s)

3. Boat (s)

4. Bus (es)

5. Car (s)

6. Helicopter (s)

7. Lorry (lorries)

8. Moped (s)

9. (Motor) bike (s)

10. Ship (s)

11. Submarine (s)

12. Tanker (s)

13. Taxi (s)

14. Train (s)

15. Tram (s)

16. Tube train (s)/ underground train(s)

17. Van

18. Yacht (s)

Other vocabulary
window, aisle, seat, ticket, flight, travel, safe, aboard, vehicle, limousine

HEALTH

A BALANCE DIET

To stay healthy, it´s important to eat the right kinds of foods. Dairy products are good for your bones and teeth and help to keep your skin and hair in good condition, so drink a glass of milk every day.

Carbohydrates give you a lot of energy and proteins are excellent for your muscles so eat a piece of breat or tortillas with your meals and one egg or 200 grams of meat or fish daily.

Vegetables and fruits are good for everything.

You need citrus fruits to help fight certain viruses, especially colds. Drink a glass of orange juice or tomato juice daily and eat a portion of green and yellow vegetables to keep your hair and skin looking good.

Carlos Santana´s biography

Carlos Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a famous Mexican rock and roll guitarist, originally from Autlan De Navarro, Mexico. He became famous in the 1960s with a band named Santana.

Carlos Santana´s father was a mariachi violinist and young Carlos learned the violin originally, but switched to the guitar when he was eight years old. After a family move to Tijuana, Santana began playing in clubs and bars; he remained in Tijuana when his family moved to San Francisco, California, but soon joined them. In 1966, he helped found the Santana Blues Band, eventually shortened to simply Santana. The band started playing at the Fillmore West, where many of the great San Francisco bands began. Santana´s recording debut ocurred on The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper with Al Kooper and Mike Bloomfield.

Soon signed to Columbia Records, Santana released a self- titled album, Santana, the group at this point consisting of Carlos Santana (guitar), Gregg Rolie (keyboards and vocals), David Brown (bass guitar), Michael Shrieve (drums), Jose Areas (percussion) and Michael Carabello (percussion). On the tour to support the album, the band played at Woodstock; the set was legendary and vastly increased Santana III (1971). The original Santana band the disbanded. Rolie went on to become a founding member of Journey.

Carlos Santana used the name and a series of changing musicians to continue to tour around the country, releasing several albums. During this period, Carlos took the name " Devadip", bestowed upon him by spiritual leader Sri Chinmoy. Many albums followed

in the 1970s and 80s, including collaborations with Willie Nelson, Herbie Hancock

, Booker T. made a guest appearance on Ottmar Liebert´s album "Solo para ti", on the songs "Reaching Out 2 U" and a cover of his own song, "Samba pa ti". He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998.

Carlos Santana dramatically returned to popular consciousness in 1999 upon the release of Supernatural, which included collaborations with Rob Thomas, Eric Clapton and Lauryn Hill and won nine Grammy Awards.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications sent out of a list of 150 songs that were recommended to be pulled from airplay. Santana´s "Evil Ways" was on the list.

CONVERSATION

Hello Claudia, what are you doing?

I go to buy ice cream and cookies. Do you want go with me?

Ok. but you go with me to do exercise.

Oh no!, I don´t like, it´s boring and tired.

Come on! you are very lazy, try!

What kind sort the exercise there are?

There are many sports or types. What do you like?

I like soccer and martial arts.

Shedule

What time?

Daily routines

wake up

take a shower

brakefast

make something

drink coffee

brush my teeth

cooking

make my bed

make up

do exercise

dressing

watch TV

listen music

go to bed

wash

dry hair

get dress

go to school

study

eat lunch

go home

eat dinner

comb hair

Lessons

Preposition and adverbs: on, from, in, under, behind and to.

Exercise: Pump air the bicycle.
From fly to the airplane.
Eat the food.
Rock baby in arms.
Open the door.
Close the door.

Classroom activity

Two word verbs or phrasal verbs.

Verb plus preposition

What are phrasal verbs?

1.- A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Example:

I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. RUN + INTO = MEET

He ran away when he was 15. RUN + AWAY = LEAVE HOME

2.- Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object.

Example:

He suddenly showed up. " SHOW UP" CANNOT TAKE AN OBJECT.

3.- Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object.

Example:

I made up the story. " STORY" IS THE OBJECT OF "MAKE UP"

4.- Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition.

Example:

I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.

She looked the phone number up.

5.- Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the verb and

the preposition.

Example:

I ran into an old friend yesterday.

They are looking into the problem.

6.- Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places.

Example:

I looked the number up in the phono book.

I looked up the number in the phone book.

There is - There are

We use there is - there are to express existence of something.

Singular: There is

There is a car in the garage.

There isn´t a ball under the bed.

We also use there is with non-countable nouns:

There is milk in the fridge.

There isn´t sugar for my coffee.

Plural: There are

There are some buildings on that street.

There are twenty students in my class.

For / Since

1. The word for is used to show an amount of time.

• for three days
• for a few years
• for five months

2. The w0rd since is used to tell when an action started.

• since 1987
• since last wednesday
• since she started school

Present perfect

We use present perfect to express a completed action in the past. The time when the action took place is undefined.

Example:

I have been to Europe.

My sister has eaten lobster.

We also use present perfect to express an action that began in the past and still continues in the present.

Example:

You have studied English for 3 semesters.

I have been in my classroom for 3 hours.

Affirmative pattern

Subject + have/has + verb in past participle + complement

I have written a book

She has given a lecture.

They have seen an accident.

Negative pattern

Subject + haven´t/ hasn´t + verb in past participle + complement

You haven´t drunk wine.

He hasn´t bought a new car.

We haven´t won any competition.

Simple past tense II

The pronunciation is also important. We have 3 different forms to pronounce the regular verbs in past tense:

/t/ /d/ /id/

1. We pronounce like a /t/ sound when the verbs are preceded by a voiceless consonant, for example:

/p/ /k/ /f/ /s/

Examples: kiss - kissed

dance - danced

fix - fixed

watch - watched

walk - walked

2. We pronounce like a /d/ sound when the verbs are precede by a voiced consonant, for example:

/b/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /n/ /l/

Example: stay - stayed

clean - cleaned

observe - observed

3. We pronounce like an /id/ sound when the verbs are preceded by a /t/ or /d/ sound.

Example: want - wanted

need - needed

invite - invited

end - ended

Simple past tense

Verbs can be regular or irregular.

Irregular verbs can either change or keep the same spelling when they are conjugated in simple past tense.

Example: go - went
speak- spoke
think - thought
write - wrote
see -saw
put - put
read - read
cut -cut
beat - beat
hit - hit

Grammar Reference

Regular verbs are formed by adding "ed" at the end, for example:

work - worked
stay - stayed
want - wanted

There are some spelling rules to write regular verbs in past tense.

1. When the verbs finish in "e", we have to add only the "d".

Example: dance - danced smile - smiled like - liked

2. When the verbs finish in "consonant + y", we change the "y" for "i" and we add " ed".

Examples: study - studied spy - spied cry - cried

3. When the verbs finish in "vowel + y", we only add "ed".

Example: play - played stay- stayed destroy - destroyed

IN CLASS

Write some places to get entertainament.

• Can I eat popcorn, mom?
• Could I go with my friend to the party?
• May I do some questions to your students?
• Would you mind if I don´t go to church?
• Would you like to go with me to theater?
• Do you want swim tomorrow in the Trinidad?

ASKING PERMISSION AND INVITATIONS

1. Would you like to come in?
2. Would you like to go the movies when you finish?
3. What movie would we see?
4. Would you like a cup of coffee?
5. Could you give me your telephone number?
6. Would you like some ice cream?

The word could is used to request.

1. Could you help me?
2. Could you go there for me?
3. Could you do me a favor?

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

• Can i borrow your pencil?
• Could I borrow your pencil?
• May I borrow your pencil?
• Do you mind it I borrow your pencil?
• Could you ask for the address?
• Would you like to go with me to movie?
• May I go to the bathroom?
• Would you mind if Ilike your notebook?
• Do you mind if I study medicine?

COULD,WOULD,CAN AND MAY

We use modal verbs when we want to express ability, suggestion, obligation, prohibition and request.

Example:

We could travel.
They would sleep.
Ana could play the piano at age of 6.

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS

WATCH GLASS

VOLUMETRIC FLASK

TYPICAL SETUP

TEST TUBE RACK

TEST TUBE

SINK

RING STAND

MASSING TRAY

HOT PLATE

GRADUATED CYLINDER

GOGGLES

GLASS STIRRING ROD

FUNNEL

ERLENMEYER FLASK

Bunsen Burner

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS

BEAKER

CONTINUATION OF HOMEWORK

• Must

We use must to express something that you or other people think it is a serious obligation. This form is used only in the present and future.

Examples:

We must pay our taxes.

Children must obey their parents.

We use must to express speculations, when you are 100% (or almost 100%) sure that something is correct or true.

Examples:

It must be raining. Listen!

My father must be at the office. His car is in front of his office.

These modals follow the same patterns:

Affirmative pattern

Subject + modal auxiliary + verb in simple form + complement.

I can speak English well.

We could run fast 10 years ago.

We must pay our taxes.

We should study everyday.

Negative pattern

Subject + modal in negative + verb in simple form + complement.

I can´t play the guitar.

They couldn´t swim 5 years ago.

We mustn´t destroy trees.

She shouldn´t drive so fast.

Interrogative form

Modal auxiliary + subject + verb in simple form + complement + ?

Can you dance salsa?

Could he drive 5 years ago?

Must we enter now?

Should people save water?

MODAL VERBS

We use the modal verbs when we want to express ability, suggestion, obligation,prohibition and request.

The most common are:

• CAN

We use can to express an ability or possibility.

Examples:

I can speak English well.

We can go to the library today.

• SHOULD

We use should to give advice, a recommendation.

Examples:

You are sick. You should go to the doctor.

We should study everyday.

• COULD

We use could to express ability to do something in the past.

Examples:

I could walk when Iwas 1 year old.

We could run fast 10 years ago.

We also use could to express possibility. It is not as strong as "might" or "may". It is just a simple possibility.

Examples:

We could stay home and watchtv.

She could go to France when she arrives to Europe.

16/04/10

EXERCISES

Should = Deberias

Could = Podrías

We should sell pop corns.

We shouldn´t sell chiles en vinagre?

I think that you should sell chips.

We could make a virus.

How you´ve been? ¿Como has estado?

What happend.
How was? Como estuvo.
We could make a virus.
What´s going on? ¿Qué esta pasando?

SHOULD, SHOULDN´T, WHY DON´T YOU...?

• We use should to give advice, to express that something is a good idea.
• We use should not (shouldn´t) to give advice in negative form, to express that something is not a good idea.

Examples:

I am sick.

You should go to the doctor.

You shouldn´t take any medicine without prescription.

Should I stay home?

09/ o4/10

FUTURE: WILL / BE GOING TO

- Things you have decided to do in the future.

I´m going to visit my grandparents.

-To talk about the future when you know what will happen next

It´s going to rain. ( The clouds are gray)

-Things you suddenly decide to do

It´s very hot. I´ll open the window.

-To say what you think or guess will happen in the future

I think she will like the present.

04/03/10

FUTURE TENSE: WILL

"WILL" is usually used in three situations:

• When you decide to do somethig.

I will go to Veracruz this weekend.

• To say what you think or guess what will happen in the future.

Karina will be a very famous actress.

• When you volunteer to do something.

I will help you with dinner.

Remember:

I will = I´ll

You will = You´ll

He will = He´ll

She will = She´ll + VERB IN SIMPLE FORM

It will = It´ll

We will = We´ll

They will = They´ll

EXAMPLES:

• Maria decided to study medicine.
• Maria will be a doctor.
• Carlos decided to work designing buildings.
• Carlos will be an architect.

04/03/10

COMPARATIVES OF GRADE

The comparative form of adjetives is used to compare two people, objects, situations.

For example:

1. A bicycle is cheaper than a car.
2. Claudia is shorter than Dulce.
3. Omar is more handsome than Ivan.
4. Ivan is more intelligent than all class.
5. My dog is funnier than my cat.

Used less + adjetive+ than when is to make a comparison of two objects where one is less to the other in some feature;for example, Molly is less intelligent than Charles.

• more + adjetive + than
• less + adjetive+ than
• adjetive + er +than

  irregulars verbs

bad worse than

good better than

25/02/10

COMPARATIVES

COMPARATIVES OF EQUALITY

as.......as

Used to express equality between two nouns; for example;

• Rats are as intelligent as cats.
• He is as tall as her.
• He is not as tall as her.

ACTIVITY

The first video spoke the kings Seth and Osiris, they were brothers and ruled Egypt.

A day Seth killed to Osiris and in the land plunged the terror and violence.

Isis gethered the body desmembered of you husband and bouned in line and transporting the sky and they together rule the town.

18/02/10

PAST SIMPLE

Simple past is used to fully completed actions what happens in a specific moment of the past.
Example:
On saturday I went to the park with my dog.
I didn´t go to school yesterday because I was sick.

VERBS IN PAST

BROUGHT SPOKE SANG LENT FLEW BOUGHT BROKE RANG SENT KNEW

THOUGHT WOKE THREW

11/02/10

PREPOSITION OF LOCATION

Estas preposiciones se utilizan para hablar de la ubicación exacta de algo o alguien.

• IN
• OUT
• NEXT TO
• BESIDE
• NEAR
• IN FRONT OF
• BEHIND
• NEXT TO
• UNDER
• ABOVE
• INSIDE
• OVER
• ON
• BETWEEN
• BELOW
• FAR FROM
• AT THE CORNER
• ACROSS FROM
• FAR
• NEAR 04/02/10

PROGRESSIVE PAST TENSE

SENTENCES

1. I was running.

2. I was drinking.

QUESTIONS

1. What were you doing?

2. What were you doing in the night?

Answer: We were not playing at the classroom.

28/01/10

BRAINSTORM

LEARNING:

What kind of activities i like to do?

What kind of activities i don´t like to do?

What do you do in his/ her spare time?

JOBBIES AND LEISURES

Some examples

MATH VOCABULARY

Examples

CONVERSATION (CONTINUATION)

CONVERSATION

CONTENTS